Book II introduces a new line of kings not mentioned in any other authentic source, starting with Pratapaditya I and ending with Aryaraja. The Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini were translated into Persian by his order. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. Zain-ul-Abidin was also known as 'the Akbar of Kashmir'. Son of Parvagupta and husband of Didda (a member of the. 3 Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? Rajatarangini, paintings of Kalhana written by a 12th ce Answer. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. As history of Kashmir, it has its undoubted deficiencies in terms of conventional chronology and the complex tapestry of myth and legend that it has largely woven together as content, but then The courtyard of the Jama Masjid, Srinagar. The chronicles only start to align with other evidence by book IV. Abu 'l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonaraja's Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni translated into Persian at Akbar's orders. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Although inaccurate in its chronology, the book still provides an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and has been widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. [20][18][19] Economic condition was decent. In the Karkota family, Lalitapida had a concubine, a daughter of a Kalyapala (IV.678). Ruler of Kashgar (Central Asia) once attacked Kashmir with a large army. Translation of " " into Persian . Rajatarangini, paintings of Kalhana written by a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. Unacademy is Indias largest online learning platform. He was adopted as a son by his maternal grandfather, and assumed the title Pratapaditya after the title of the grandfather's dynasty. He displayed surprisingly advanced technical expertise for the time in his concern for unconventional sources. But oddly enough, no translation of the work into Malayalam had been attempted all this time until Raman Menon, a scholar and author of numerous books in Malayalam including an extensive commentary of It has multiple dimensions, such as the aureole of antiquity, the grandeur of epic, the cachet of Sanskritic literary canons, the singular distinction as an ancient Indian historical chronicle and the uniqueness that it embodies as representation of a vital part of Indian selfhood. [22] His policies, like with the previous Hindu rulers, were likely meant to gain access to the immense wealth controlled by Brahminical institutions;[23][22][24] further, Jonaraja's polemics stemmed, atleast in part, from his aversion to the slow disintegration of caste society under Islamic influence. He tried to abduct a Nga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. Zain-ul-Abidin was the eighth sultan of Kashmir. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. Please abide by our community guidelines for posting your comments. Because of this, the Nga chief burnt down the king's city, and the king died in the fire. Usurped the throne, claiming to be a descendant of Yashaskara. Son of Lalitapida and his concubine Jayadevi. and interdisciplinary publications, both books and journals. [25][26], Sikandar died in April, 1413 upon which, the eldest son 'Mir' was anointed as the Sultan having adopted the title of Ali Shah. What are three different irrational numbers between the rational numbers 5 by 7 and 9 by 11? it was brilliantly prepared for the work. Verse 11. After ruling indirectly and directly. During the reign of Zain-ul-Abideen, the eighth Sultan of Kashmir, Mulla Ahmad translated Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian. From there, Buddhism spread to several other adjoining regions including Central Asia, Tibet and China. In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Kalhana relates that Lalitaditya Muktapida invaded the tribes of the north and after defeating the Kambojas, he immediately faced the Tusharas. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a historical text on this region. When did the capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi? Son of Vijaya: his "long arms reached to his knees". [21] Even where the kings mentioned in the first three books are historically attested, Kalhana's account suffers from chronological errors. Users can access their older comments by logging into their accounts on Vuukle. Son of Vajraditya II and Mangjarika. He filled his court with, Shreshtasena (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II), According to Kalhana, the emperor Vikramditya (alias Harsha) of, Younger brother of Vikramaditya. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. The dynasty was established by Shah Mir in 1339 CE, there are two theories regarding Shah Mir's origin. He lies buried in the Gorstan e Shahi in Srinagar. The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. Taking action accordingly, regardless of initiating Kalhana an extraordinary student of history, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar2 discussed his exceptionally faulty strategy comprising in consideration of legendary or amazing lords, an ignorant religiosity in the Epics and Puranas (antiquated Indian kinds portraying the previous), confidence in black magic and sorcery, clarification of occasions as because of the impact of destiny instead of to any normal reason, an overall instructional propensity roused by Hindu perspectives on karma, and simple showcase of poetical and logical expertise. Romila Thapar additionally excused Kalhanas moralism and teaching. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. Ruled with his mother Didda as regent, aided by the minister Naravahana. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. [19][21] Scholars caution against accepting the allegations at face value and attributing them solely to religious bigotry. Each issue contains four to five feature articles on topics Little is known about him except from what he tells us about himself in the opening verses of his book. . However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. [27], He was the seventh ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty, and reigned between 1413 and 1420. Rajatarangini, which consists of 7,826 verses, is divided into eight books. The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. In his old age, the childless king ordered killing of Sandhimati to prevent any chance of him becoming a king. Rajatarangini was composed by Kalhana, scion of a noble family of Kashmir. Became queen after the death of all male heirs. Made his brother Sussala the ruler of Lohara. But his traditional conceptual framework, using uncritical assumptions and a belief in the role of the poet as an exponent of moral maxims, makes the idealizing content in his narrative, particularly for the early period, rather dominant. [6], (Note the confusion of dates in this and the following sections. for this article. Rajatarangini belongs. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Belonged to a different family from Lava's dynasty (I.95), Known for constructing a canal named Suvarnamani, Great-grandson of Shakuni and son of Shachinara's first cousin. [19], Jonaraja and later Muslim chroniclers accuse Sikandar of terminating Kashmir's longstanding syncretic culture by persecuting Pandits and destroying numerous Hindu shrines; Suhabhat a Brahman neo-convert and Sikandar's Chief Counsel is particularly blamed for having instigated him. Youngest son of Vajradjtya II. Abu l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state Sultan Zain-Ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work, Rajatarangini, and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". After Vikramadityas death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy, Supreme Court forms expert panel to probe any regulatory failure on Adani issue, India makes renewed push for consensus at G20 Foreign Ministers meeting, Hindenburg Research report on Adani Group | Supreme Court verdict on expert committee on March 2, High debt on Vedanta books puts investors on tenterhooks, Employees Provident Fund: How to activate UAN online, 1947: Madras Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act passed, RMA 0-1 FCB, El Clasico highlights: Barcelona leads on aggregate after beating Real Madrid courtesy of a Militao own goal. He erected a monument at. We have migrated to a new commenting platform. involving the history, arts, social sciences, philosophy, and contemporary This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Rajatharangini promises to arouse a great deal of interest among readers. It does not store any personal data. Rajatarangini is more aptly described as meta history. From the regulation of commodities to the reviving of old crafts, Abidin did everything for overall development of Kashmir and his subjects. The young Chippatajayapida was advised by his maternal uncle Utpalaka or Utpala (IV.679). Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Badauni translated into Persian at Akbars (Stay up to date on new book releases, reviews, and more with The Hindu On Books newsletter. Corrections? Salhana was deposed and imprisoned. Raman Menons translation attempts to preserve the essential characteristics of the original by adopting the Manipravalam diction. According to the Mahabharata, the Kambojs ruled Kashmir during the epic period (The epic period is estimated to be roughly from 1000 to 600 BC, when some of the greatest epics such as; Ramayana and Mahabharata, came into being during this time). [5] According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Explanation: In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Kalhana's account closes in the 22nd year of his reign. [15], Sultan Shamsu'd-Din Shah was succeeded by his elder son Sultan Jamshid who ruled for a year and two months. The work generally records the heritage of Kashmir, but 120 verses of Rjatarangi describe the misrule prevailing in Kashmir during the reign of King Kalash, son of King Ananta Deva of Kashmir. Jonaraja in his Dvitiya Rajatara? Made king by Mamma and Yashovarman. field of Asian Studies. the Kambojs Gave lands to Brahmins. Made king by Sukhavarman, the son of Utpala. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. The long and arduous journey of the great saint across the country to Kashmir, punctuated by philosophical debates with peers and concurrent composition of immortal commentaries on the Hindu texts, is part of Indias sacred history. This article examines two translations of the textone "Orientalist" and the other "nationalist"with the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. Qutbuddin died and was succeeded by his son Sultan Sikander also known as the Sikander Butshikand. The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. Like other translations of the work, it is in prose. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. Kalhana appears to made little attempt to determine the actual sequence of rule of the kings and dynasties he recorded). in the broad and interdisciplinary area of "theory and history of cultural production," However, very little about those reigns are known anyway in compare to the later dynasties. The Shah Mir dynasty was a dynasty that ruled the region of Kashmir in the Indian subcontinent. He devoted his time to sensual pleasures, and neglected royal duties. In 1574, Akbar established a translation bureau (maktab khana) at his capital of Fatehpur Sikri. Writing of Rajatarangini in the introduction to his 1935 English translation of this twelfth-century Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana, R. S. Pandit described it as a "poem of great scope, a more or less complete picture of society, in which the bloody periods of the past are delightfully relieved by delicate tales of love, by episodes of marvel The capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi in the year 1911. thirty journals, primarily in the humanities and social sciences, though it In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. A virtuous king, he was seduced and killed by a woman named Vatta, along with several of his sons and grandsons. Copyright 2019 Sawaal.com | All Rights Reserved. Its heyday was the 13th and 14th centuries, broadly the period straddling the phase of Sanskrit literature to which Siddha, the son of Nara, was saved from Nga's fury, because he was away from the capital at the time. The serial will be aired on Doordarshan in 2006. (I.191) He belonged to. Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. The Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini was translated into Persian. Who wrote Rajatarangini What does it tell us about? 2 What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? Shivajis Guru was Shree Samarth Ramdas was a noted 17th-century saint and spiritual poet of Maharashtra. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. Raman Menons translation bears the signature of his scholarly skills, derived from mastery of both Sanskrit and Malayalam. Feature Flags: { View all Google Scholar citations Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. His customary applied system, involving careless presumptions and faith in the artists job as a type of moral sayings, makes the glorifying content in his story, especially for the early period, rather predominant. Rajatarangini/Original languages [9][10][11], According to Wink, Shah Mir may have been an Afghan or a Qaruna Turk, or even a Tibetan. [5] Some of the kings and dynasties can be identified with inscriptions and the histories of the empires that periodically included the Kashmir valley, but for long periods the Rajatarangini is the only source. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Deposed by the minister Shura. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Who wrote the Rajatarangini class 4th English? In the legacy of Sanskrit, Kashmir and Kerala can be said to have a unique fellowship of literary creativity, with icons like Bilhana and Somadeva in Kashmir and Shankara and Narayana Bhattathiri in Kerala. Request Permissions. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. Eventually the Karkota dynasty ended and a grandson of Utpala became king. Kalhana lived in a time of political turmoil in Kashmir, at that time a brilliant center of civilization in a sea of barbarism. Hiranya died childless. He wanted his court poets to interpret the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana, and Mahabharata into the Persian language. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. He was the ruler of Kashmir and the founder of the Shah Mir dynasty. (With his account of the Karkota dynasty, relatively recent at the time he wrote his chronicles, Kalhana's information becomes more consistent with other sources.). It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". He was given the title of Raja by the Mughal emperor Akbar Shah II in the year 1830 as he had gone to England as an envoy of the emperor. Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work Rajatarangini and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. Rajatarangini in Scholarship The most widely known Rajatarangini (River of Kings) - and the one on which the English translations discussed here are based - is a Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana Pandit dating to 1148-49 AD.1 It is written in verse in the Sanskrit kavya style and divided into eight cantos (or tarangas ), which number close to 8,000 . The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dia Answer. Dethroned by Utpalaka's rival Mamma and the latter's son Yashovarman. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. [12] Kashmiri scholar N. K. Zutshi, having critically examined the sources, reconciles the two versions by noting that the Persian chronicles mentions Swadgir rather than Swat, which he interprets as Swadgabar, meaning "suburbs of Gabar", which coincides with Jonaraja's description of Panchagahvara-Simani (on the borders of Panchagagvara). Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit Look through examples of translation in sentences, listen to pronunciation and learn grammar. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. Concerning past occasions, Kalhana wrote that the material was genuinely picky. They cannot be abusive or personal. [6], No kings mentioned in this book have been traced in any other historical source. Verse 7. In our own time, the Kashmiri Sanskrit scholar and former diplomat A.N.D. How much stuff can you bring on deployment? In 1546, after Humayun recovered Kabul, Haidar removed Nazuk Shah and struck coins in the name of the Mughal emperor. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Zain ul Abidin, a 15th century ruler of Kashmir, appointed scribes to translate the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian with the aim that these translations would give an insight into Hindu philosophy and culture to the rest of the world. He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle. He brought back the Brahmans who had fled from Kashmir following the treachery of Mirza. Ramdas was a devotee of Hanuman and Rama. Although the earlier books are inaccurate in their chronology, they still provide an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and are widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. section. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. Neither in style nor in authenticity do these works approximate the quality of Kalhanas Rajatarangini. The summary is from J.C. Dutt's translation. His half-brother Vijaymalla rebelled against him, and got Harsha released from prison. recognized as the most authoritative and prestigious publication in the [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). [5] The total reign of the following kings is mentioned as 1266 years. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. An unpopular king, he was killed. Kalhana describes the rules of Toramana and, After the Huna, Meghavahana of the Gonandiya family was brought back from. The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). Verse 13. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. Zianu-l Abidin of Kashmir deputed the famous Sanskrit scholar Jonaraja and Srivara for the completion of Rajatarangini to bring the history of Kashmir up-to-date. A view of Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab from its yard. His queen eloped with a Buddhist monk, so he destroyed the Buddhist monasteries and gave their land to the Brahmins. Arthashastra , one of the first in the history of Malayalam literature. This too appears to be a reference to the ice lingam at Amarnath. A Shaivite during whose reigns Buddhists also flourished. [31] Arriving in Kashmir, Haidar installed as sultan the head of the Sayyid faction, Nazuk. For example, Kalhana has highly exaggerated the military conquests of Lalitaditya Muktapida.[18][19]. His family ruled for many generations. Report Error Its apt choice of kavya (poetry), as felicitously described by Shonaleeka Kaul, makes for a versatile and flexible mode that can entertain the mythic and the folk alongside classical and conventionalised registers of imagination and representation. In Books V and VI the history of the dynasty continues to 1003, when the kingdom of Kashmir passed on to a new dynasty, the Lohara. [7] Romila Thapar equates Jalauka to Kunala, stating that "Jalauka" is an erroneous spelling caused by a typographical error in Brahmi script. Called "the blind" because of his small eyes. Note: Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537.[34]. Gopikrishna Shastri (Ujjain) also translated the work into. Hari Parbat is visible in the background. Render date: 2023-03-04T12:29:12.553Z Devout Shaivite. 2011 Duke University Press All rights reserved. Hence the correct answer is Option B. Rajatarangini s first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. But even this account is not fully reliable from a historical point of view. The Rajatarangini is an epic poem (mahakavya) in Sanskrit running into nearly 8000 verses that are spread over eight books or sections. Traces of genuine history are also found, however, in references to the Mauryan emperors Ashoka and Jalauka; the Buddhist Kushan kings Hushka (Huviska), Jushka (Vajheska), and Kanishka (Kaniska); and Mihirakula, a Huna king. The Rajatarangini was written in Sanskrit by Kalhana, who was a Kashmiri Brahmin. [6] Although "Jina" is a term generally associated with Jainism, some ancient sources use it to refer to the Buddha. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. The Tusharas did not give a fight but fled to the mountain ranges leaving their horses in the battle field. Examples translated by humans: MyMemory, World's Largest Translation Memory. In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Son of Jayapida and Durgi. The most glorious period of the Lodi Dynasty was the ruling period of Sikander Lodi. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. According to Jogesh Chander Dutt's calculation, this year corresponds to 2448 BCE. Owing to the pervasive distraction of COVID-19, Malayalam readers may have missed a notable event: the first translation into their language of a 12th century Sanskrit classic, The list of kings goes back to the 19th century BCE. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. The version was entitled Behr-ul-Asmar, (or the sea of tales). There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. Concerning past occasions. [13], Shah Mir arrived in Kashmir in 1313 along with his family, during the reign of Suhadeva (13011320), whose service he entered. This seems to be official genealogy of the Sultanate. Son of Ajitapida. Nothing is known about his origin. The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Does adding salt to water increase conductivity? Madurai is one of the major cities in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu. hasContentIssue true, Copyright The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2011, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911810002998, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. What literary period is the beat generation aligned with? The Shah Mir Sultanate and other South Asian polities, circa 1400 CE. How much salary can I expect in Dublin Ireland after an MS in data analytics for a year? In those authorities, Abul Fazl interpreted Ramayana into Persian. harry biggest loser australia now,