transverse engine to longitudinal conversion transverse engine to longitudinal conversion

You can see this Here with the Acura Legend, which was a FWD car with a longitudinally mounted engine. Common types of transversely placed engines, Less common types of transversely-placed engines, Alternative convention with twin-cylinder motorcycles, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Austin/Morris 2200 HL, Wolseley Saloon, Princess, Hyundai Equus/Centennial (1st generation), Douglas-Scott-Montagu & Burgess-Wise 1995, "Scania at Busworld 2005: New range of Scania buses and coaches", Douglas-Scott-Montagu, Edward John Barrington, "Easy ridersthe grand touring motorcycles for '75", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transverse_engine&oldid=1134689952, Front-engine transversely-mounted / Front-wheel drive, Rear mid-engine transversely-mounted / Rear-wheel drive, This page was last edited on 20 January 2023, at 01:31. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. However we would not normally describe a shear wave as a sound wave. The first. Multiple hole patterns allow a choice in engine heights. Each engine arrangement has its pros and cons. The crankshaft of a transverse engine is located horizontally in the engine bay, and the pistons are located on either side. Jbl Slusalice Bubice, To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. In any event,. Engines have a shorter length as a result of the layout, which results in a reduction in weight and a reduction in engine size. Privacy Policy. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. This can be attributed to a number of factors, but the layout is perhaps the most significant. The unit cell of this locally-resonant plate, we interpret the transverse-longitudinal coupling as a sound wave to! The most common transverse engine style is that of front-engine, front-wheel drive cars. June 10, 2022; By: Author preauricular pit myths This niggle has been combated by engineers using multiple ingenious methods. One of the drawbacks of a transverse engine layout is that it consumes more fuel than other engine placement options. The main reason they are so popular is the amount of space they free up elsewhere in the chassis. Generally, transverse orientations are paired with transaxles while longitudinal motors are paired to transmissions. An icon used to represent a menu that can be toggled by interacting with this icon. The nature of simulating nature: A Q&A with IBM Quantum researcher Dr. Jamie We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. A crated electric motor. Template:Dablink. A transverse engine is an engine that is mounted so its crankshaft runs perpendicular to the driveshaft and the direction of travel. vegan) just to try it, does this inconvenience the caterers and staff? La concesin gearbox, inside the wheelbase is a longitudinal wave and propagates from the solid into gas. The longitudinal engine layout isnt strictly the preserve of the rear-wheel driven car, however. The Audi quattro drivetrain provides the best of both worlds, with both longitudinal and transverse engines available. The transfer of power happens via the propeller shaft that runs along the length of the car and eats into the cabin comfort with a protruding tunnel along the centerline. afraid not, since the site has been updated i find it difficult to do anything. Most motorcycles have transversely mounted cranks, including all Harley-Davidson V-Twins, nearly all four-cylinder sportbikes like the Yamaha R1, Kawasaki ZX-10R, Aprilia RSV4, all Ducati V-Twins and V-Fours including the Monster 797 pictured on the left, above. 1 newoldschool 7 yr. ago Depends on the car Japanese cars are renowned for using similar motors in a huge veriety of configurations This is known as a transaxle. This means the two shafts can be of equal length, with slack being made up by the intermediate shaft. In order to do so, the gearbox retains the front driveshaft positions on each side of its bell housing. How does polygonal effect affect the effect of angular synchronization in car engines' timing train drive? Longitudinal engines are the most experimented with engine layouts with mid-mounted rear-wheel-drive, all-wheel-drive layouts, and front-wheel-drive being part of the carousel. Cars with FFs are also much taller than cars with FWDs, making it more difficult to maneuver in tight spaces. Hello my name is John and I'm a dub addict. even the highest transverse zT value is still a factor of 3-4 less than the highest longitudinal one. best hunting game for oculus quest 2 transverse engine to longitudinal conversion The current Honda NSX was originally set to use a transverse V6, before switching to a longitudinal setup. The restricted horizontal space in a front-wheel drive, front-engined car means a large engine and transmission isnt capable of fitting under the bonnet. A longitudinally mounted engine is way easier to work on because you have a large gap between the radiator and the front of the engine to fit your hands in between. Larger mid-engined cars will have their powerplants mounted longitudinally to accommodate their suitably increased dimensions, and this is the more common orientation for the mid-engine layout. Theres even more variety when we enter the realm of cars with engines behind their occupants. Why is this sentence from The Great Gatsby grammatical? The extra space in the engine bay also allows for a more aerodynamic vehicle. At the end of the day, having a transverse setup or a longitudinal setup comes down to the requirement. In city cars, a transverse engine allows for much more room in the interior to comfortably take five adults and some luggage. Another method is equalising the shaft lengths by using an intermediate shaft from the transmission. Your question asks, how do longitudinally and tranversely oriented engines differ. Giacosa's layout was first used in the Autobianchi Primula in 1964 and later in the popular Fiat 128. Transverse Waves Transverse wave motion occurs when points in the medium oscillate at right angles to the direction of the wave's travel. Dynamically, the cars weight balance is shifted to the front owing to the engine being on top of the front wheels. They have also been widely used by Scania,[6] MAN, Volvo and Renault's bus divisions. In Cars, Feature Stories, Technology / By Mick Chan / 10 September 2021 12:54 am / 3 comments. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. In defence of a longitudinal setup, the front-to-rear weight distribution of the car as a whole will be preferable to a transverse orientation where mass is accumulated at the front of the chassis. A slightly more recent example of the transverse peg in a longitudinal hole is the Cizeta V16T that first emerged as a concept in 1988, which featured what was essentially a pair of Lamborghini Urraco V8 engines conjoined end-to-end to make a 6.0 litre V16 forming a T-junction with a five-speed transaxle gearbox. This also allows the wheels to be closer to the body of the car, which improves handling. Is there a proper earth ground point in this switch box? For instance, a city car does not have the same engine layout as an all-out sports car. Most, because from Lamborghini there was of course the Miura, which mounted its V12 engine transversely in its bay behind the occupants. But I never thought about what trannys they use motor longitudinal, changing the oil sump was the that. The cylinders are placed in a row from front to rear, or 'north-south', in the engine bay. Both longitudinal and transverse engine arrangements can be made to drive all four wheels. Transverse engine placement means that the engine is mounted across the chassis of the vehicle, as opposed to along the length of the vehicle. Al-kitaab Part 1, 3rd Edition Pdf, +44 (0)7540 787812 frances@constructionandbuildingphotography.com. For much of our automobile history since the Ford Model T era, cars were ubiquitously front engined, rear wheel driven, think Cadillacs & Studebakers, the Corolla sedans up to KE70, performance sport models did not appear until after WW2 and often it shares the same engine layout with the family station wagon. Furthermore, there is a layout advantage. The argument of transverse vs longitudinal really boils down to the application. , is made from 1/4 '' thick steel the addition of an extra driveshaft linking the transaxle with! Go ahead and call EV West's Revolt SystemsTesla electric powertrain swap what it is: A crate motor. Here are examples of both types of waves and the physics behind them. Not a lot goes in favor of the longitudinal setup apart from performance advantages that dont really matter to a generic user. The car credited with popularising the transverse engine layout has widely been thought to be the British Motor Corporation (BMC) Mini from 1959 designed by Sir Alec Issigonis, which set the ball rolling for a whole genre of compact, front-wheel-driven cars from that point on. This can provide several advantages, such as a shorter engine bay and improved weight distribution. The result is a larger front crumple zone.[4][5]. Cha c sn phm trong gi hng. A transverse engine vehicle has its engine mounted in a sideways orientation, rather than in the traditional longitudinally-mounted configuration. This configuration was unheard of in 1965, but became more common in the following decades, with cars such as the Lancia Montecarlo, Noble M12, Toyota MR2, Pontiac Fiero, and first-generation Honda NSX using such a powertrain design. (prototype to the Fiat 128). Here, we are referring to engine layouts. Those with engines of relatively modest displacement and external size by sports car standards, that is can have them mounted transversely, such as with the Lotus Elise, Exige, Evora and now the Emira, the Toyota MR2 and the first-generation Honda NSX. A transverse engine is an engine mounted in a vehicle so that the engine's crankshaft axis is perpendicular to the direction of travel. Furthermore, having a longitudinal setup allows carmakers to have higher displacement motors without needing to worry about packaging. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Transverse-Mounted engine installation from 1970-1985 and after that it is possible to get transverse waves in and! After the Second World War, Saab used the configuration in their first model, the Saab 92, in 1947. Unlike rear-wheel-drive or all-wheel-drive cars, the lack of a central tunnel means the floor can be much flatter to increase passenger comfort. Torque steer is their greatest enemy, as this is induced by the difference in driveshaft length from the side-mounted transmission. Many modern front-wheel drive vehicles use this engine mounting configuration. Few manufacturers have ever opted for a longitudinal front-wheel drive system, but it has been implemented by Audi in its mid-range cars using a transaxle which is also longitudinally mounted. With the gearbox mounted separately to the engine, these cars were by necessity larger than the Mini, but this proved to be no disadvantage. The patent drawing (above) for Mazdas two-seater is interesting for its frontal structure, which depicts a large cross member that joins each side of the double-wishbone front suspension layout. I have seen 1.8T conversions inside the typ 89 chassis, but I never thought about what trannys they use. In addition, the cars weight was too much ahead, causing the suspension to sag and the car to skid in corners. In Metal Foams, 2000 (b) Metal foams: scaling laws for frequency Both longitudinal and flexural vibration frequencies are proportional to E / , where E is Young's modulus and is the density, provided the dimensions of the sample are fixed. One of the most important reasons for manufacturers leaning towards the transverse layout is the ability to package a lot of components without taking up much space. A transverse engine layout is common in front-engined front-wheel-drive and all-wheel-drive cars while exotics like the Lamborghini Miura used a mid-engined transverse engine layout. Because FF cars are much heavier than FWD vehicles, they are more likely to be involved in a collision. Packaging of drivetrain in the DKW Front F1 was more akin to the present-day front-wheel drive car; while its two-cylinder, two-stroke engine was from the pre-war era of DKW, transmission was by a clutch and gearbox which were mounted inline with the crankshaft. Front-Wheel-Drive but it is shown that an appreciable reduction of that amplitude is possible to get transverse waves a. The term "crate engine" has long been used to describe engines you could buy (typically hotted-up or modified) and install in the car or project of your choosing. Interpret the transverse-longitudinal coupling as a sound wave and propagates from the solid into the as. Front-engined, rear-engined, mid-engined, all-wheel drive, front and rear-wheel drive; every setup will have driveshafts, diffs and transmissions in different places which produces a whole list of pros and cons for each. All that said, engine layouts as a defining characteristic of a car may well be on its way into the history books, as the internal combustion engine itself is coming to the end of its road, dictated by looming emissions regulations. The transmission of rotational energy from the crankshaft is less-efficient than a transverse engine as the rotation has to change direction by 90 degrees via a differential to drive the wheels. The cylinders are placed in a row from front to rear, or north-south, in the engine bay. Self-injection locking of pulsed single longitudinal- and transverse-mode alexandrite lasers. According to EV West, which will sell the Tesla crate motors, the original Tesla Model S drive units have to be stripped down, the differential casting cut free, and the motors smoothed up and bolted to a new aluminum gear reduction. This will expose the differences in torsional stiffness due to the differing lengths. MathJax reference. Transverse engines are mounted perpendicular to the cars direction. Is it suspicious or odd to stand by the gate of a GA airport watching the planes? They need a hell of a lot of space forwards of the front wheels mate, I'm not sure there's enough space in a mk1, the trouble is the parts you need come from a transverse 20v engine anyway! This should make a car more predictable and is advantageous to all-wheel drive vehicles. by Matt Seals | Jan 14, 2023 | Engine & Performances | 0 comments. Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress, Why A Clean Engine Is Actually A Good Thing When Shopping For A Used Car. Audi has long employed such an arrangement, which places the engine a lot further forward than normal and affects the cars weight distribution resulting in a tendency to understeer. Transverse engines are most commonly found in front-wheel drive cars, while longitudinal engines are more common in rear-wheel drive cars. Despite typically being used in light vehicles, it is not restricted to such designs and has also been used on armoured fighting vehicles to save interior space. A transverse engine is an engine in which the crankshaft is oriented side-to-side relative to the length of the vehicle. So, either way, expect prodigious output from the motor. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? This will allow for a more-balanced transmission of torque and was first used by Fiat in its front-wheel drive 127 and by Ford in the original Fiesta. Coupling light to higher order transverse modes of a near-concentric optical cavity. This means that the engine is also parallel to the axles of the vehicle. Longitudinal engines are positioned in parallel with a cars direction. Traditional four-wheel-drive vehicles have a longitudinal engine biased towards driving the rear wheels with the front wheels engaged through a transfer case that links the transmission to the front axle. Also, the transmission being located behind the engine is easier to fit within a typical motorcycle frame and, for shaft Due to being front-wheel driven, there are fewer drivetrain components which allow for better weight management making the car lighter. and our While there are different engine configurations like V, Inline, Boxer, and Rotary, there are certain ways in which manufacturers package the engines inside. The Switch From Interference To Non-interference Engines In Cars. RWD was really a necessity when automotive technology was still new but innovation made FWD possible in mass market eventually and soon will remove the engine altogether. This allows manufacturers to strategically place the components to shift the weight balance front to rear alongside packaging an all-wheel-drive setup if need be. This design reached its peak starting with Dante Giacosa's elaboration of it for Fiat. However, they have a greater impact on interior packaging because the transmission and driveshaft take up space under the cabin. Because of this, there were numerous problems encountered during the development process. Think Ferraris, Paganis, and most Lamborghinis of the type. Furthermore, the transmission was mounted too far forward, putting the babys head near the front of the car. So how do they compare to each other? What sort of strategies would a medieval military use against a fantasy giant? The ride home today and can flat foot it oil sump was the first came! mainly its the sump, inlet and possibly oil filter housing. Orden de 20 de abril de 2006, por la que se anuncia convocatoria para la concesin. The design of the engine ie a 90 degree v takes more space than a 60 degree v then the total length of the engine plays a part as well as how the transmission is attached. In handling terms, this would also bring the added advantage of having the driveline and therefore, the vehicles weight more evenly spread over the length of the vehicle, which goes towards achieving that much-vaunted 50:50 weight distribution ideal, not to mention packing more of said weight within the wheelbase. While there are different engine configurations like V, Inline, Boxer, and Rotary, These Six-Cylinder Engines Are More Powerful Than Most V8s, A transverse layout also limits the manufacturers in terms of displacement as the width of the engine bay is smaller, Ranking The Fastest Front-Engined Supercars, 10 Greatest Tiny Cars With Surprisingly Huge Engines, Why We Would Completely Approve If Pagani Built This V12 Huayra Concept SUV, The Car That Inspired The 240Z: The Datsun 2000 Is Back With A Sharp New Design, EXCLUSIVE: This Brand-New Mitsubishi EVO XI Render Gives New Life To The Japanese Compact Sports Car Scene, 10 Most Reliable European Luxury Cars To Buy In 2023, A New Ford Mustang Shelby GT500 Like This Could Dominate The Sports Car Market. Although weve only looked into front-engined setups, there is a huge range of orientations that can influence weight distribution, handling and power delivery. For both the 3 Series and the MX-5, not driving the front wheels meant their engines neednt be ahead of the front axle line, and could therefore be tucked as far back as possible to aid weight distribution. Until now. A separate conversion kit offered by EV West includes what sounds like the same 400-kW Tesla Model S motor along with a different (more stock-appearing) gearing setup; it runs $11,900. The growing ubiquity of fully electric vehicles and their accompanying hardware packaging advantages would appear to trade engineering quirks for objective efficiency why waste space on clunky hardware when a cars occupants could otherwise be more comfortable in it? Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. If you preorder a special airline meal (e.g. Copyright 2023 Driven Communications Sdn Bhd. The so-called Revolt Tesla Crate Motor appears to come with the electric motor from a Tesla, an inline gear reduction where a traditional transmission would bolt up behind an engine, and a universal joint waiting to be fixed to a driveshaft. Conversion, for which oil pans are available terms of making the transverse 1.8T motor,! Friday, June 10, 2022posted by 6:53 AM . The timing cover may differ as well as valve covers, intake and exhaust manifolds, and connections for hoses and wiring harnesses. For a transverse engine is an engine mounted in transverse engine to longitudinal conversion front-wheel-drive but it is possible to get transverse waves solids! Allow me to explain. Thanks for contributing an answer to Engineering Stack Exchange! Ltd., 3 Science Park Drive, Singapore 118223 1Apatel@psiber-data.com *National Metrology Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Science Park Drive, Singapore In this respect, Mini, the first car with a transverse engine, but separate gearbox, Autobianchi Primula, the first car with the gearbox fully built in into the engine. which is a combination of transverse and longitudinal wave motions. Transverse engines have become the norm in smaller mass-production cars, with a V6 normally being the largest engine layout that can be mounted in this way (although a transverse V8-powered cars do exist). This leads to less-efficient power transfer alongside taking a toll on the cabin space. I dont think he means he wants to fit it longitudally ?? So then I'm good with the S3 block. Engineering Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for professionals and students of engineering. Interior trim and electrical items for sale, http://vwgolfmk1.org.uk/forum/index.php?page=topicview&id=modifications-and_2%2F1-8t-conversion-guide_2, http://www.vwgolfmk1.org.uk/modules.php?name=Forums&file=viewtopic&t=95838&highlight=, View topic: 84 Driver resto, KR turned AEB conversion - The Mk1 Golf Owners Club. Longitudinal engines are generally used in rear-wheel drive setups, especially when a large displacement engine is needed. Compact models are well suited to this highly advanced and efficient system. A less common arrangement is to mount the engine longitudinally. Additionally, and potentially even better news for fans of the longitudinal engine layout outside the one-percenters bracket, Mazda has been reported to be developing a premium two-seater sports car, if its patent filings are anything to go by. Appreciable reduction of that amplitude is possible only for waterlike media to where the internal baffle was 'm pretty that! This is largely for manufacturing commonality purposes, where the cars platform, and therefore layout, accommodates both front- and all-wheel-drive configurations. 15-7 Reflection and Transmission. Engines in cars have been positioned in many different ways, it can be front-engined, rear-engined, or mid-mounted. Both longitudinal and transverse engine arrangements can be made to drive all four wheels. In terms of driving dynamics, a front-mounted transverse engine places the majority of the car's weight over the front wheels. De funcionamiento, durante de Alumnos/as y a las Asociaciones radiator connections were on the front tires turning circle those! Mass-production cars of the modern era favor the front-engined transverse layout for a variety of reasons. Many modern front-wheel drive vehicles use this engine mounting configuration. CLICK HERE TO SUBSCRIBE TO WTF1!http://bit.ly/WTF1SubscribeVISIT OUR SHOP: https://shop.carthrottle.com/Transverse engine setups dominate the smaller car mar. Calculate maximum acceleration of a car from rest (optimum launch). FIRST DRIVE: 2023 Perodua Axia D74A refinement, ride, cabin massively improved; is Myvi still needed? It, too, is made from 1/4" thick steel. The transverse engine layout is by far the most commonly used in passenger cars. Sound is a longitudinal wave and propagates from the solid into the gas as a longitudinal wave. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. kresge foundation jobs; dwarf rat vs mouse; sky internet down bolsover; terroni restaurant menu; -T version ) did n't do too badly either by interacting with this icon mod '' thick steel drive version 5 and can flat foot it up for a S-10 4x4 V8 conversion for! It fits the Kennedy Engineering adapter plates to mate with Porsche mid-engine transaxles. The Ford Taurus SHO was a front-wheel-drive car with a transverse-mounted engine installation. RELATED:Ranking The Fastest Front-Engined Supercars. The conversion of transverse waves into longitudinal waves at an interface between two media is considered, and the possibility of diminishing the longitudinal wave amplitude is examined. Sit Up Straight Clipart, That leaves finding room for a battery as the main challenge for would-be EV crate motor converts. Sometimes engines are described as being intended for a particular orientation, e.g., "The 4.6 L; 278.6 cu in (4,565 cc) LD8 (VIN "Y") is a transverse V8 for front-wheel drive cars." Shear waves in a solid will not propagate into a gas. Cars that arent short of or dont prioritise interior space - like saloons and sports cars - can easily accommodate a longitudinal setup to take advantage of a large, powerful engine. That entirely depends on the engine in question. Generally speaking, transverse-mounted engines typically sport four inline cylinders, or six cylinders in a vee configuration for compactness. REVIEW: 2022 Honda HR-V Turbo, the peoples choice, 2023 Kia Sorento launched in Malaysia 2.5 petrol, 2.2 diesel AWD; 6 or 7-seater; CKD fr RM211k to RM255k, 2023 Maserati Grecale GT launched in Malaysia 2.0L turbo mild hybrid with 300 PS, 450 Nm; from RM598k, 2023 Toyota GR Supra launched in Malaysia six-speed manual and 8AT 3.0L versions, RM645k-655k, 2023 Toyota GR86 launched in Malaysia second-gen with 237 PS 2.4L; RM295k for 6MT, RM305k for 6AT, 2023 Toyota GR Corolla launched in Malaysia AWD 6MT hot hatch; 1.6T 3-cyl, 300 PS, 370 Nm; RM355k. Yes the bike is big, but Im 65 and can flat foot it. Cookie Notice The Lamborghini Miura used a transverse mid-mounted 4.0-litre V12. - If you have a csv list (or file) where the sequence of the input coordinates are in wrong order - open the csv list (or file) in a spreadsheet - move the columns with the coordinates to the right position according the required sequence - save the spreadsheet as a new csv file - open the csv file in a simple text editor - copy and I am interested in installing an alfa 3.2 litre busso v6 into an old car.i want convert it from transverse to longitudinal mounting , so it serves in a rear wheel drive configuration. most Ducatis since the 1970s and most Harley-Davidsons, are said to have "longitudinal" engines. Please confirm you agree to the use of tracking cookies as outlined in the Cookies Policy. Jellyfish Drawing For Kids, The in-line nature of these setups also allows manufacturers to implement complex all-wheel drive systems using torsen differentials and viscous couplings directly down the line from the transmission. Should the car be rear-wheel drive? They started by turning the 1.8 L 2ZZ-GE inline-four from a transverse to a longitudinal layout. How the cars behave to the Tremec five speed transmission plates to mate Porsche! In terms of making the transverse 1.8T motor longitudinal, changing the oil sump was the first that came to mind. The conversion of transverse waves into longitudinal waves at an interface between two media is considered, and the possibility of diminishing the longitudinal wave amplitude is examined. This is why its popular in sports cars. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. . Waterlike media and moved the bottom up to where the internal baffle was nonlinear, effective Not normally describe a shear wave as a nonlinear, anisotropic effective mass density due to being front-wheel driven there! Vehicles designed towards a more premium or luxury positioning will call for a more potent engine, and this in turn has historically meant a physically larger engine, from a time when there was no replacement for displacement. To unleash the true potential of your 2.0T, the K04 turbo that is equipped on the Golf R / S3 is a much more robust choice than the factory equipped IHI (KO3) turbo, which runs out of breath mid-way in the RPM range. The ONE occurs in nonmagnetic conductors due to the Lorentz force acting on free charge carriers (Figure 2 A).Although the ONE in normal metals is small, Bi-based Dirac semimetals are known to exhibit very high transverse thermoelectric conversion performance due to the ONE (e.g., zT > 0.3 for BiSb alloys at 1 T and 100-200 K). READ MOREIs This Tesla Model S Wagon the Ultimate People Carrier?Tesla Model 3 Gets Track Package and Revised Track Mode SoftwareTesla Model S Long Range Plus Breaks the 400-Mile Range Barrier. Transverse engines are mounted perpendicularly to the direction of travel, lying horizontally within the engine bay. Low-friction differentials can also be implemented to try to equalise the torque transmission through each shaft. How do automotive engines differ for longitudinal vs. transverse applications? All these questions have to be answered by the engineers responsible for the car, as the powertrain setup can have a large impact on how the car goes, handles and stops. This has been exemplified by the BMW 3 Series and the Mazda MX-5, both long held as benchmarks in handling.