Recherches sur les phanerogames parasites (etude dOrobanche hederae Duby). Plant Dis. Soyasapogenol B and trans-22-dehydrocamposterol from common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) root exudates stimulate broomrape seed germination. Plant Growth Regul. broomrape and bursage relationship. Ann. Umehara, M., Hanada, A., Yoshida, S., Akiyama, K., Arite, T., Takeda-Kamiya, N., et al. 12, 638652. "It is a prolific seed producer. doi: 10.1007/BF02980855, Prez-de-Luque, A., Moreno, M. T., and Rubiales, D. (2008). Comparative transcriptome analyses reveal core parasitism genes and suggest gene duplication and repurposing as sources of structural novelty. J. Exp. 4 - Iowa State University check engine light on and off Serotinous species in North American deserts have evolved similar seed retention syndromes as . Strigolactone inhibition of shoot branching. It seems more and more obvious that a single strategy has low probability to control broomrapes. doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2010.04.011, Yoneyama, K., Xie, X., Kim, H. I., Kisugi, T., Nomura, T., Sekimoto, H., et al. Appl. Plant Pathol. Azospirillum brasilense is reported to inhibit broomrape radicle growth (Dadon et al., 2004). doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2011.09.003, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Moral, A., Kharrat, M., and Rubiales, D. (2012b). Potential of ethylene-producing pseudomonads in combination with effective N2-fixing bradyrhizobial strains as supplements to legume rotation for Striga hermonthica control. Host plant resistance to parasitic weeds; recent progress and bottlenecks. Thats what the Israelis do; they went from 70 percent yield losses to very modest losses they can live with.. FIGURE 2. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2004.11.001, Grenz, J. H., and Sauerborn, J. resistance available for faba bean breeding. Copyright 2016 Fernndez-Aparicio, Reboud and Gibot-Leclerc. Paris: Mmoires du Museum dHistoire Naturelle, 261273. Broomrapes produce little or no chlorophyll; instead, they draw nourishment from the roots of other plants by means of small suckers called haustoria. 19, 211236. Ambio 35, 281288. 51, 44874503. A better understanding in the roles of major hormones in the process of broomrape germination would facilitate the design of feasible control strategies based on either inhibition of broomrape germination during crop cultivation or promotion of suicidal germination in the absence of the crop. 7:248. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-248, Bar-Nun, N., Ben-Hod, G., Lavi, E., and Mayer, A. M. (1996). (2011). First, broomrape weeds are achlorophyllous and therefore those herbicides that target photosynthetic process, e.g., triazines or substituted urease [C group in the Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC) classification], will have only limited effect on broomrapes. Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Soto, M. J., Rubiales, D., Ocampo, J. 2018 Aug;102(8):1477-1488. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-01-18-0020-FE. The new nomenclature of Orobanche and Phelipanche. It is a prolific seed producer. Biol. doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2010.03.004, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Garca-Garrido, J. M., Ocampo, J. The dynamics of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) parasitism by Orobanche foetida. Despite the reports of broomrape inefficient machinery for nitrogen assimilation and broomrape dependence for host-derived organic forms of nitrogen demonstrated by the fact that broomrape growth is arrested when feeding on host cultivars with decreased amino acid-phloem levels (Abbes et al., 2009), inhibition of enzymes at the top of amino-acid biosynthetic pathway by means of either direct inhibitory action of herbicides (Gressel, 2009) or by feedback inhibition induced by amino-acid end-products (Vurro et al., 2006) are able to kill broomrape. The biological activity of AC-94, 377 [1-(3-chlorophthalimido)-cyclohexane-arboxamide]. Crop Prot. Linke, K. H., and Saxena, M. C. (1991). doi: 10.1007/s10658-004-2814-8. (2005). Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Purification of pectin methylesterase from Orobanche aegyptiaca. Intercropping systems cultivate simultaneously more than one species in close association to take agronomic advantage of biodiversity, competition, and complementarity between them. The .gov means its official. Rich, P. J., Grenier, C., and Ejeta, G. (2004). Rubiales, D., Alcntara, C., Prez-de-Luque, A., Gil, J., and Sillero, J. C. (2003a). Plant. Technol. doi: 10.1094/MPMI-10-11-0260. doi: 10.1002/ps.1732. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Bot. Due to their physical and metabolic overlap with the crop, their underground parasitism, their achlorophyllous nature, and hardly destructible seed bank, broomrape weeds are usually not controlled by management strategies designed for non-parasitic weeds. Babiker, A. G. T., Hamdoun, A. M., Rudwan, A., Mansi, N. G., and Faki, H. H. (1987). J. Agric. doi: 10.1094/MPMI-01-12-0006-R, Aviv, D., Amsellem, Z., and Gressel, J. Broomrapes are sap-sucking 'plant pilferers' that steal their food from the roots of other . doi: 10.1093/jxb/ers189, Lee, J. Broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) Broomrape seed has been documented to last in the soil for at . Agron. doi: 10.1038/374220a0, Joel, D. M., and Losner-Goshen, D. (1994). Eizenberg, H., Aly, R., and Cohen, Y. Soil management affects the success of broomrape seeds in becoming established on the host and then the longevity of broomrape seed bank. J. Agric. Some broomrape species are outcrossers while others are self-pollinating. Once broomrape has established connection with the vascular system of its hosts, broomrape management should be performed quickly to abort at earlier stages the strong parasitic sink for nutrients and water. Prez-de-Luque, A., Fondevilla, S., Prez-Vich, B., Aly, R., Thoiron, S., Simier, P., et al. Plant. Weed Res. Activity of some nitrogen assimilating enzymes has been reported low in broomrapes. Biol. (2007). Acquisition of water is driven by a lower water potential in broomrape tissues (Ehleringer and Marshall, 1995). 2014 Oct 29;62(43):10485-92. doi: 10.1021/jf504609w. Resistance against broomrapes (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) Correlated evolution of life history and host range in the nonphotosynthetic parasitic flowering plants Orobanche and Phelipanche (Orobanchaceae). Takeuchi, Y., Omigawa, Y., Ogasawara, M., Yoneyama, K., Konnai, M., and Worsham, A. D. (1995). doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2007.00583.x, Mabrouk, Y., Zourgui, L., Sifi, B., Delavault, P., Simier, P., and Belhadj, O. Bot. Crops with target-site herbicide resistance for Orobanche and Striga control. 25, 9931004. Germination of Orobanche seeds: some aspects of metabolism during preconditioning, in Basic and Applied Aspects of Seed Biology, eds R. H. Ellis, M. Black, A. J. Murdoch, and T. D. S. Hing (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers), 633639. Benzo-(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) acts as a functional analog of SA and activates defense responses in susceptible hosts leading to lignification of the endodermis and a consequent inhibition to up to 98% broomrape parasitism (Gonsior et al., 2004; Prez-de-Luque et al., 2004; Kusumoto et al., 2007). First report of crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata) on lentil (Lens culinaris) and common vetch (Vicia sativa) in Salamanca Province, Spain. 60, 316323. Hemp broomrape (Orobanche ramosa), also known as branched broomrape, is a noxious pest around the world and can cause significant losses if crops are heavily infested. The embryos in broomrapes have not morphologically identified cotyledons or shoot meristems and upon germination, only a radicle emerges through the seed coat with the only function of reaching and invading the host. J. Keyes, W. J., Palmer, A. G., Erbil, W. K., Taylor, J. V., Apkarian, R. P., Weeks, E. R., et al. A., and Garca-Garrido, J. M. (2009c). Kroschel, J., Mueller-Stoever, D., Elzein, A., and Sauerborn, J. Although analytical chemistry methods have failed to detect strigolactones in parasitic plants (Liu et al., 2014), transcriptome sequencing reveals that all known strigolactone genes, both synthesis and perception are present in broomrapes with apparently full-length proteins (Pron et al., 2012; Das et al., 2015). Evol. 101, 261265. How broomrapes make the distinction not only between host-derived and their own-encoded strigolactones but also how they sense diversified strigolactone profiles in root exudates across species correlated with host ranges. Res. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err246, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Sillero, J. C., and Rubiales, D. (2007). Plant Microbe Interact. Instead an integrated control program including a battery of broomrape-specific measurements is preferable. Weed Sci. Careers. (2007a). Plant Physiol. doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(93)85145-H, Bennett, J. R., and Mathews, S. (2006). Especially common in tomatoes, hemp broomrape can parasitize a variety of vegetable crops, and its tiny seeds are usually spread by contaminated soil or crop seeds. Broomrapes are plant-parasitic weeds which constitute one of the most difficult-to-control of all biotic constraints that affect crops in Mediterranean, central and eastern Europe, and Asia. Fusarium nygamai a potential bioherbicide for Striga hermonthica control in sorghum. Pest Manag. Although some examples of successful control do exist for some crops, the majority of commercially available control methods are either not fully effective or not applicable to many of the affected crops, especially in the case of low-input crops (Joel, 2000). 101, 13941399. Emerged small broomrape stalks in a red clover seed production eld. in faba bean (Vicia faba) based in low induction of broomrape seed germination. The flowers are irregularly shaped and produce single-chambered capsules that contain numerous minute seeds. 113, 321327. (2007). The insect herbivore as a predictive model in parasitic seed plant biology. 7:135. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00135. (2001). Ecological of weed seed size and persistence in the soil under different tilling systems: implications for weed management. (2009a). Biochem. 93, 10391051. Variability of interactions between barrel medic (Medicago truncatula) genotypes and Orobanche species. Sources of natural resistance based on low exudation of germination-inducing factors exist in legumes and sunflower and are highly effective in inhibiting broomrape weed parasitism (Labrousse et al., 2001, 2004; Rubiales et al., 2003b, 2009a; Prez-de-Luque et al., 2005; Sillero et al., 2005; Abbes et al., 2010; Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2012b, 2014). Sci. A new class of conjugated strigolactone analogues with fluorescent properties: synthesis and biological activity. doi: 10.1080/09583157.2015.1018813. Planta. Biol. Several toxins have been identified with inhibitory activity on broomrape parasitism by interfering with broomrape germination and radicle elongation (Vurro et al., 2009; Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2013; Cimmino et al., 2014). New Phytol. 19, 217231. doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2006.10.012, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Yoneyama, K., and Rubiales, D. (2011). Sillero, J. C., Moreno, M. T., and Rubiales, D. (2005). Agric. Z., Huang, K., Wickett, N. J., Alford, S., et al. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pp.41.060190.001015. An alternative to the selective use of herbicides when target-site resistance is not available for a specific crop is the touchy use of repeated applications of non-selective herbicidal doses to promote sublethal effects for the crop but lethal effects to the initial stages of post-attached parasitism (Foy et al., 1989). Rev. Weed Res. Because parasitic weeds require host encoded molecules to stimulate the initiation of parasitism both at the level of seed germination and haustorium initiation, breeding for low-inducers genotypes of those processes are obvious targets for resistance (Yoder and Scholes, 2010). doi: 10.1614/WS-04-088R1, Gozzo, F. (2003). Biochem. The first attempts to deplete parasitic weed seed bank was made by Johnson et al. In order to achieve such synchrony they evolved mechanisms that release seed from dormancy triggering germination upon detection of specific molecules contained in host root exudates (Vaucher, 1823). Bot. Paris: Dterville. Copyright The Regents of the University of California, Davis campus. Novel approaches can increase broomrape control by fungi. Among the reviewed strategies are those aimed (1) to reduce broomrape seed bank viability, such as fumigation, herbigation, solarization and use of broomrape-specific pathogens; (2) diversion strategies to reduce the broomrape ability to timely detect the host such as those based on promotion of suicidal germination, on introduction of allelochemical interference, or on down-regulating host exudation of germination-inducing factors; (3) strategies to inhibit the capacity of the broomrape seedling to penetrate the crop and connect with the vascular system, such as biotic or abiotic inhibition of broomrape radicle growth and crop resistance to broomrape penetration either natural, genetically engineered or elicited by biotic- or abiotic-resistance-inducing agents; and (4) strategies acting once broomrape seedling has bridged its vascular system with that of the host, aimed to impede or to endure the parasitic sink such as those based on the delivery of herbicides via haustoria, use of resistant or tolerant varieties and implementation of cultural practices improving crop competitiveness. Phosphorous and nitrogen have been described to down regulate strigolactones exudation in some crop species (Yoneyama et al., 2007a,b, 2012). Zwanenburg, B., Mwakaboko, A. S., Reizelman, A., Anilkuma, G., and Sethumadhavan, D. (2009). in soils and in solutions. doi: 10.1038/nature07272, USEPA (2004). Plant Biol. management in pea (Pisum sativum L.). doi: 10.1614/WS-D-11-00113.1. The use of those amino acids as pesticide is classified by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as innocuous to public and environment health (USEPA, 2004). (2007). Agron. 6, 143. 35, 445452. 70, 224229. (2004). A number of broomrape species are serious agricultural threats. Mol. The angiospermous root parasite Orobanche L. (Orobanchaceae) induces expression of a pathogenesis related (PR) gene in susceptible tobacco roots. Nat. Influence of soil moisture on activity and persistence of the strigol analogue GR 24. Am. 67, 10151022. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1987.tb00751.x, Babiker, A. G. T., Ibrahim, N. E., and Edwards, W. G. (1988). 62, 1048510492. Plant Growth Regul. doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(95)00594-3, Bar-Nun, N., and Mayer, A. M. (1993). (2007a). XR and SG-L additional text, editing, and comments. 65, 560565. The effects of superphosphate application, 2,4-DB and grazing on broomrape (Orobanche minor Sm.) Res. Its efficacy for broomrape cultural control can be increased if the farmer includes trap and/or catch crops as components in the rotation (Rubiales et al., 2009b). The advantage of this approach using fungi is that it can be used in absence of host cultivation (Thomas et al., 1999). Weed Sci. 111, 579586. Plakhine, D., Ziadna, H., and Joel, D. M. (2009). Broomrape seed bank presents annual cycles of non-deep physiological dormancy induced by seasonal changes in climatic conditions. Ann. (1981). (2012). The site is secure. Therefore an integrated and sustained management strategy composed by several control methods acting at different broomrape life stages is highly recommended to keep away the broomrape weed problem in a durable manner (Kebreab and Murdoch, 2001). 54, 144149. Control 36, 258265. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2009.00748.x. (1995). Biol. Transfer of organic substances from the host plant Vicia faba to the parasite Orobanche crenata Forsk. (2009). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049273. (2000). Breeding for broomrape resistance stands out as the most economic, easy to adopt and environmentally friendly practice. The promotion of germination of dormant weed seeds by substituted phthalimides and gibberellic acid. J. Incorporation of sulfosulfuron and rimsulfuron directly to the soil provides successful control of preattached stages of broomrape weeds (Eizenberg et al., 2012). The significance of this structure in broomrape parasitism requires further investigation. In addition to this direct effect, ethylene-producing bacteria such as Pseudomonas syringae pv. Bot. doi: 10.1111/j.1366-9516.2005.00179.x, Parker, C. (2009). Fernndez-Aparicio M, Masi M, Cimmino A, Evidente A. If the vascular connection is not successfully performed in few days the parasitic seedling dies of inanition and therefore quick invasion of the host is of advantage to avoid loss of viability. Chlorsulfuron resistant transgenic tobacco as a tool for broomrape control. Pest Manag. Besides their role as extraorganismal signaling, recent research is uncovering new functions for strigolactones as plant hormone controlling crop development in response to the environment (Gomez-Roldan et al., 2008; Umehara et al., 2008). New Phytol. Review of the systematics of Scrophulariaceae s.l. Ilustration of broomrape life stages and mechanisms of control. Abbasher A. Additional mechanisms that could contribute to the selective action of host-derived strigolactones in broomrape germination could be (1) variations of molecular structure between host-derived and parasite-encoded strigolactones conferring different specificity for different biological functions or (2) different spatial localization inside the broomrape seed for functions of strigolactone detection and strigolactone synthesis (Das et al., 2015). Mller-Stver, D. (2001). The physiology of the established parasite-host association, in Parasitic Orobanchaceae, eds D. M. Joel, J. Gressel, and L. J. Musselman (Berlin: Springer), 87114. In absence of host detection the continuation of wet conditions allows broomrape seeds to enter again in deeper levels of dormancy, from which they will emerge upon the new onset of sequenced dry/wet seasons carrying new opportunities to encounter suitable hosts (Kebreab and Murdoch, 1999; Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1999). This would open the work on parasitism toward more community ecology and what can be considered the realistic nature of parasitism. When resistant crops impose barriers to stop the parasitic development at this stage, broomrape exhausts and parasitism is quickly aborted. B., Delavault, P., Chaibi, W., and Simier, P. (2010). List of Inert Pesticide Ingredients List 4b. 65, 540545. J. Agric. doi: 10.1007/s11248-004-8081-9, Song, W. J., Zhou, W. J., Jin, Z. L., Cao, D. D., Joel, D. M., Takeuchi, Y., et al. Weed Biol. The regulatory consequences of having this quarantine pest discovered are so draconian there may be a temptation to keep the finding secret, Hanson said. Wallingford: CAB International. In the following sections we describe the key developmental stages in the subterranean broomrape life cycle. Weed Sci. Based on the results obtained in their greenhouse experiments, these authors recommended field doses of 1.6 kg ha1 for crop densities of 32,000 tobacco plants ha1. 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